If Australia is to mitigate climate change, we will need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from electricity and transport fuels by finding ways to harness our clean, renewable resources like the sun and wind.

CSIRO (Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) is developing the next generation of technologies that produce energy from renewables including solar, wind, ocean and geothermal resources. We are also mapping ocean energy and researching its potential and finding new ways to integrate renewable technology into existing electricity grids or for use immediately in the home.

DEVELOPMENTS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

Solar energy
Energy from solar power is a proven technology found throughout society, from the abundant photovoltaic solar panels on neighbourhood roof tops to the emerging concentrated solar power industry changing the landscape of desert areas around the world.

Solar technology is everywhere and it works. The challenge is to make it work better, more reliably, and to be comparable in cost to fossil fuels.

CSIRO conducts large scale, world-class solar research and development – specialising in next generation photovoltaic cells and concentrated solar power. The National Solar Energy Centre in Newcastle, NSW, is home to one of the largest high concentration solar array in the Southern Hemisphere, with another solar field currently under construction. Extensive research into organic photovoltaic and dye-sensitized solar cells is also well underway.

Wind energy
CSIRO’s wind research is focusing on improving the forecasting of wind energy, especially in severe weather conditions where production can change rapidly, as well as developing ways to store wind energy for use when the wind isn’t blowing…

CSIRO-developed UltraBattery technology is being trialled to help ‘smooth-out’ the highly variable output from wind farms, increasing average powerline carrying capacity and reducing the need for alternative fast-response back-up services.

Geothermal
Through the Western Australian Geothermal Centre of Excellence, CSIRO is investigating ways to use hot sedimentary aquifers to provide energy for applications such as desalination, air conditioning and power. We are also examining the chemical and mechanical factors that contribute to the management of aquifers in geothermal systems. The research will broaden the use and commercial-scale application of geothermal energy.

In addition to this form of geothermal energy, Australia has some of the richest sources of hot rocks in the world, in the form of high heat-producing granites. To harness this energy we will need to develop cost-effective technologies to access deep hot rock reservoirs, as well as manage geothermal sources to enhance production and be able to transport this energy to the market.

Ocean
Scientists at CSIRO are investigating the potential for wave energy generation in Australia and mapping Australia’s ocean resources.
As part of this work, researchers have identified Australia’s priority regions for harnessing ocean energy and will further refine details of the most suitable locations for commercialisation of wave energy converters, of interest to the wave and current energy industry. Much still needs to be done to address the economic and engineering feasibility of ocean energy generation systems, but the mapping work conducted to date shows the potential of this important renewable resource.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES FOR BUSINESSES
As well as renewable energy generation, businesses can make dramatic emissions and cost reductions through energy efficiency measures. Whilst “first step” measures such as changing light fittings can bring significant advantages, even more dramatic savings are possible through smarter control systems. Such systems are relatively inexpensive (they don’t require large pieces of infrastructure), yet they can realise quite dramatic energy savings, whilst allowing business as usual.

CSIRO is working on a number of exciting projects that will be available to businesses in the future, including:
• Optimal air-conditioning control using weather data, energy market pricing and feedback from building occupants to intelligently alter the operation of a building’s air-conditioning system to save energy, money and greenhouse gas emissions.
• Solar cooling using heat from the sun as an energy source which can be used to generate cool air for use in buildings.
• The Virtual Power Station intelligently aggregates renewable energy generators – such as solar panels – and energy storage into a cost-effective and reliable electricity supply network.
• Smart fridges can plan ahead and coordinate when they consume energy in order to smooth the intermittent power output from renewable generators such as wind and solar farms, while keeping within usual temperature limits.

Original source: http://www.businessreviewaustralia.com/business-features/technology/future-renewable-technologies

Waves crashing on to Australia’s southern shores each year contain enough energy to power the country three times over, scientists said on Tuesday in a study that underscores the scale of Australia’s green energy. The research, in the latest issue of the journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, comes as the nation is struggling to wean itself of years of using cheap, polluting coal to power the economy and to put a price on carbon emissions.

Oceanographers Mark Hemer and David Griffin from the state-funded research body the CSIRO looked at how wave energy propagates across the continental shelf and how much is lost. The aim was to build a picture of the amount of energy on an annual basis and how reliable that source is.

The government has passed laws that mandate 20 percent renewable electricity generation by 2020 to curb carbon emissions and wind power is likely to make up the bulk of the green energy investment. Wave power is still in early development.

“So what we’re saying is that we can achieve that target if we harness 10 percent of the available wave energy resource,” Hemer told Reuters from Hobart.

Hemer and Griffin used complex computer models to map how the energy in the waves attenuates near the shore. They looked at the annual cycle both in terms of mean wave conditions and the 10th and 90th percentiles.

This means that 10 percent of the time waves are smaller than the mean and for the 90th percentile the waves are larger than that value for 10 percent of that time.

“Basically what this means is that there is still a fairly large resource for 90 percent of the time,” said Hemer. And this is crucial because some types of renewable energy, such as wind and solar panels, are limited because they can’t generate steady power 24 hours a day, unlike coal or gas.

Wave power has much greater potential to deliver steady power supplies, but connecting it to the grid in remote areas could be a problem.

“Averaged over the whole year, Australia’s southern coastline has a sustained wave energy resource of 146 gigawatts (1,329 terawatt-hours/year),” the researchers say in their study, or three times Australia’s total installed generation capacity.

The government, facing an election on Saturday, is under pressure to put a price on planet-warming carbon emissions and further boost investment in cleaner energy.

The country is one of the developed world’s top carbon emitters and relies on coal to generate about 80 percent of its electricity.

Hemer and Griffin’s work has created a series of maps of the coastline that helps wave power investors find the right sites and design projects that can cope with calm and stormy conditions and how frequent these might be.

Their work is different from some past studies, which used wave data from deep-ocean waters.

The researchers don’t advocate any particular wave power technology.

But there are three firms in Australia developing technologies, including Fremantle-based Carnegie Wave Energy, which has a system based on large buoys suspended just below the surface near the shore.

Hemer and Griffin’s estimates are based on the amount of energy along the coast at 20 meters deep, since many emerging wave power systems are likely to be at that depth or less.

Ideal sites included Portland in Victoria and Albany in southern Western Australia because of easy grid connections.

Source: http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE67G2G420100817